Which medications are known to potentially cause drug-induced lupus erythematosus?

The correct answer is based on the well-documented association between specific medications and the development of drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE). Procainamide, hydralazine, and isoniazid are known to trigger this condition through various mechanisms, often related to their effects on the immune system.

Procainamide is an antiarrhythmic agent that has been established as a common cause of DILE, particularly in patients who are long-term users. Hydralazine, used primarily for hypertension, is another medication with a recognized association with DILE; its effects on the immune system can lead to the production of antinuclear antibodies, which is a hallmark of lupus. Isoniazid, an antibiotic used for tuberculosis, can similarly provoke autoimmune reactions that mimic the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Other choices include medications that are not typically linked to drug-induced lupus. For instance, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or aspirin may cause some sensitivities or reactions but are not classic triggers for DILE. Likewise, acetaminophen and paracetamol do not have a significant association with this condition, and medications like statins and beta-blockers likewise do